Ugroženi dijalekti

Aka-Bo

takođe: Bo

A North Great Andamanese language originally of northern Great Andaman, whose surviving speakers were resettled on Strait Island. Died with Boa Sr in 2010; her speech and songs were recorded by Anvita Abbi in the Vanishing Voices of the Great Andamanese project.

Dalmatian

takođe: Dalmatic, Vegliote

An extinct Romance language of the eastern Adriatic coast, intermediate between Italo-Romance and Eastern Romance. Its last dialect, Vegliote of the island of Krk, died with Tuone Udaina in 1898, a year after Matteo Bartoli recorded around 2,800 words from him.

Eyak

The sole non-Athabaskan member of the Athabaskan-Eyak branch of Na-Dené, spoken around the Copper River delta near Cordova, Alaska. Died with Marie Smith Jones in 2008; thoroughly documented by Michael Krauss, whose materials now support a second-language revival.

Mandan

takođe: Nuʼeta

A highly divergent Siouan language of the upper Missouri River, latterly spoken on the Fort Berthold reservation in North Dakota. Died with Edwin Benson in 2016, after Indrek Park's multi-year documentation with him; heritage teaching continues within the MHA Nation.

Old Prussian

takođe: Prussian, Prūsiskan

The only substantially attested West Baltic language, spoken in historical Prussia around the Sambia peninsula — today's Kaliningrad Oblast and north-eastern Poland. Extinct since the early 18th century, after the 1709–1711 plague; attested in three 16th-century catechisms and the Elbing vocabulary, with a modern reconstruction movement.

Sirenik

takođe: Sireniki Yupik, Old Sirenik

A highly divergent Eskaleut language of the village of Sireniki on the southern Chukchi peninsula, mutually unintelligible with its nearest Yupik relatives and sometimes treated as a third Eskimo branch. Died with its last speaker in 1997; the community now speaks Central Siberian Yupik and Russian.

Tehuelche

takođe: Aonekko ʼaʼien, Aonikenk

The last spoken Chonan language, of the Patagonian steppe in Santa Cruz province, southern Argentina. Died with Dora Manchado in 2019, taking the Chonan family with it as a living lineage; recorded in her final years by Javier Domingo, building on Ana Fernández Garay's documentation.

Ubykh

takođe: Pekhi

A Northwest Caucasian language of the Black Sea coast around present-day Sochi, carried to Anatolia in the 1864 deportation. Famous for one of the largest consonant inventories ever recorded — around eighty consonants against two phonemic vowels. Died with its last speaker, Tevfik Esenç, in 1992; extensively documented by Georges Dumézil.

Welsh Romani

takođe: Kååle, Welsh Kale

The inflected Northern Romani variety historically spoken by the Kååle of Wales. It was extensively documented by John Sampson in the early twentieth century and is now extinct as a first language, the last fluent speakers having died in the mid-twentieth century. It is notable as the last conservatively inflected Romani dialect attested in Britain.

Yagán

takođe: Yámana, Yágankuta

A language isolate of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, around the Beagle Channel and Navarino Island. Source of the famously untranslatable word mamihlapinatapai; recorded in a 32,000-word missionary dictionary by Thomas Bridges. Died with Cristina Calderón in 2022; heritage revival continues at Puerto Williams.

ǀXam

takođe: Cape Bushman

A !Ui (Tuu) click language of the Upper Karoo in the Northern Cape, extinct since the 1910s. Survives in the vast Bleek and Lloyd archive of the 1870s and in South Africa's national motto, !ke e: ǀxarra ǁke — "diverse people unite".

Ainu

Jezički izolat starosedelačkog naroda Ainu Hokaida i istorijski Sahalina i Kurilskih ostrva. Kritično ugrožen sa samo šačicom maternjih govornika; predmet aktivnog napora revitalizacije.

Cappadocian Greek

Grčki unutrašnje Anadolije, vekovima izolovan pre nego što je razmena stanovništva 1923. dovela njegove govornike u Grčku. Snažno pod uticajem turskog; nekada smatran izumrlim, ponovo otkriven u centralnoj Grčkoj 2000-ih.

Chickasaw

takođe: Chikashshanompa

Maskogeanski jezik Čikasov nacije Oklahome. Usko srodan čoktavu; kritično ugrožen sa aktivnom revitalizacijom kroz Jezičko odeljenje Čikasov nacije.

Crimean Tatar

takođe: Qırımtatarca

Mešoviti turkijski jezik Krimskog poluostrva, potekao iz kontakta između kipčačkih i oguzskih varijanti. Kritično ugrožen nakon sovjetske deportacije 1944; predmet aktivnog napora revitalizacije.

Great Andamanese

takođe: Present-day Great Andamanese, Jeru

A koine of the four North Great Andamanese languages, with a grammar based mainly on Jeru, spoken on Strait Island in the Andaman archipelago. Around three elderly speakers remain of one of the world's primary language families, notable for a grammatical system in which nouns and verbs are obligatorily marked with body-part-based prefixes.

Itelmen

takođe: Western Kamchadal

The sole surviving language of the Kamchatkan branch of Chukotko-Kamchatkan, spoken in villages along the western coast of Kamchatka such as Kovran. Only a few elderly fluent speakers remain; known for extremely complex consonant clusters, and structurally so divergent from Chukchi-Koryak that its place in the family is debated.

Jeju

takođe: Jejueo

Varijanta ostrva Đeđu, često klasifikovana kao zaseban koreanski jezik. Čuva arhaične crte izgubljene na kopnu i kritično je ugrožena.

Kawésqar

takođe: Qawasqar, Alacalufe

The last surviving Alacalufan language, spoken at Puerto Edén on Wellington Island in the fjords of Chilean Patagonia. The language of the last nomadic canoe peoples of the southern channels; fewer than ten fluent speakers remain.

Ket

Poslednji živi jenisejski jezik, koji se govori duž srednjeg Jeniseja u centralnom Sibiru. Oko 200 starijih govornika; nedavno povezan sa severnoameričkom porodicom na-dené u kontroverznoj dene-jenisejskoj hipotezi.

Koryo-mar

takođe: Koryo-mal, Koryo-saram Korean

Korejska varijanta Korjo-sarama, potomaka zajednica deportovanih sa sovjetskog Dalekog istoka u Centralnu Aziju 1937. Hamgjong-izvedeni dijalekat snažno pod uticajem ruskog, danas kritično ugrožen.

Kusunda

takođe: Ban Raja

A language isolate of mid-western Nepal, historically spoken by forest-dwelling hunter-gatherers of the Dang valley and southern Rolpa. One fully fluent speaker remains; the language has no words for yes or no, expressing polarity through verb modification instead. Community revitalisation classes are ongoing.

Livonian

takođe: Līvõ kēļ, Liv

A Finnic Uralic language of the Livonian Coast of Courland, Latvia. The last fluent native speaker died in 2013, but an active revival sustains a small community of second-language speakers, supported by the University of Latvia Livonian Institute. Notable for its stød-like broken tone, rare among Uralic languages.

Lower Sorbian

takođe: Dolnoserbski, Niedersorbisch, Wendish

Zapadnoslovenski jezik kojim govori sorbska manjina Donje Lužice u Brandenburgu, sa centrom u Kotbusu (Chóśebuz). Kritično ugrožen, sa naporima revitalizacije u dvojezičnim školama i u programu Witaj.

Lushootseed

takođe: Puget Salish

Sališanski jezik naroda Coast Salish oko zaliva Pjudžet u zapadnom Vašingtonu. Kritično ugrožen; predmet aktivne revitalizacije kroz plemena Tulalip i Maklšut.

Manchu

Tunguski jezik i istorijski dvorski jezik dinastije Ćing (1644–1912). Sada kritično ugrožen, sa samo šačicom maternjih govornika u Hejlongđijangu.

Miyakoan

takođe: Miyako, Miyako Ryukyuan, Miyako language

A Southern Ryukyuan Japonic language of the Miyako Islands in Okinawa Prefecture. Not mutually intelligible with Standard Japanese; preserves distinctive Ryukyuan phonology and is severely threatened by shift to Japanese.

Munsee

takođe: Munsee Delaware, Lunaape

An Eastern Algonquian language of the Lenape (Delaware), originally spoken around the lower Hudson, including present-day New York City. The last native-speaker community is the Delaware Nation at Moraviantown in south-western Ontario, where a single elderly first-language speaker was reported in the 2020s alongside a growing circle of second-language learners.

Nivkh

takođe: Gilyak

Jezički izolat Sahalina i donjeg sliva Amura u Rusiji. Kritično ugrožen; jedan od retkih paleo-sibirskih jezika bez dokazanih srodnika.

Nǀuu

takođe: Nǁng, ǂKhomani

The last surviving language of the !Ui branch of the Tuu family, spoken in the southern Kalahari around Upington in the Northern Cape. One fluent native speaker remains, who runs a community language school; the language has one of the largest consonant inventories ever recorded, including dozens of click consonants.

Tsakonian

takođe: Tsakonika

Jedini živi potomak antičkog dorskog grčkog, koji se govori u nekoliko sela na Peloponezu oko Leonidija. Kritično ugrožen; strukturalno različit od svih ostalih grčkih varijanti, koje potiču od atičko-jonskog grčkog.

Yaghnobi

takođe: Yagnobi

Istočnoiranski jezik doline Jagnob u Tadžikistanu. Jedini živi potomak sogdijskog, lingva franka srednjovekovnog Puta svile; kritično ugrožen.

Yuchi

takođe: Euchee, Tsoyaha

A language isolate of north-eastern Oklahoma, around Sapulpa within the Muscogee Nation, originally spoken in the south-eastern United States before removal. At most a handful of elderly native speakers remain; the Yuchi immersion school is again raising children with the language.

Zargari

takođe: Zargari Romani, Zargari Romanes, Zargar Romani

Snažno ugrožen romski varijetet koji se govori u i oko sela Zargar u provinciji Kazvin u severozapadnom Iranu, zapadno od Teherana. Zajednica je, prema predanju, naseljena u doba Safavida i čini jednu od najistočnijih dokumentovanih populacija koje govore romski; dijalekat čuva leksičko jezgro romskog, ali pokazuje snažan kontaktni uticaj iz persijskog i azerbejdžanskog turskog u fonologiji, rečniku i gramatici. Broj govornika je mali, a međugeneracijski prenos se oštro oslabio.

Caló

takođe: Iberian Romani, Zincaló, Caló Romani

The Iberian para-Romani variety spoken by the Calé (Gitanos) of Spain and, in related forms, Portugal and southern France. A Romani-derived lexicon is embedded in a Castilian (or Catalan/Portuguese) grammatical frame; the older inflected Iberian Romani is no longer spoken. Caló vocabulary has left a marked imprint on Andalusian Spanish and flamenco.

Finnish Kalo

takođe: Kaale, Finnish Kaale, Fíntiko Rómma

A Northern Romani variety spoken by the Finnish Kale in Finland and, through twentieth-century migration, in Sweden. It shows heavy structural and phonological influence from Finnish, including consonant gradation, and is one of the most distinctive Northern Romani dialects. Intergenerational transmission has weakened markedly.

Jerusalem Domari

takođe: Domari of Jerusalem, Nawari

Najtemeljnije dokumentovana domarijska varijanta, kojom govori dom zajednica Starog grada Jerusalima. Ozbiljno ugrožena, sa samo nekoliko stotina tečnih govornika; referentna varijanta u Matras (2012), A Grammar of Domari.

Manx

takođe: Gaelg

Goidelski keltski jezik ostrva Man. Funkcionalno izumro 1974. smrću poslednjeg maternjeg govornika; oživljen kroz obrazovanje i danas se govori kao drugi jezik među stotinama.

Romanichal

takođe: Angloromani, British Romani, Pogadi Chib

The Romani variety of the Romanichal Travellers of England and the wider British Isles. The older inflected dialect is no longer spoken; it survives as Angloromani, a para-Romani register in which a substantial Romani-derived lexicon is embedded in an English grammatical frame. Diaspora communities exist in North America and Australia.

Scandoromani

takođe: Tavringer Romani, Traveller Romani, Rommani

A para-Romani variety spoken by Traveller communities in Sweden and Norway, combining a Romani-derived lexicon with a Scandinavian grammatical frame. It descends from the speech of Romani groups present in the region since the sixteenth century and survives today largely as an in-group vocabulary register.

Seke

takođe: Tangbe

A Tamangic (Tibeto-Burman) language of five villages in Upper Mustang, Nepal, with roughly 700 speakers worldwide. A sizeable share of the community now lives in New York City, where about half of the diaspora speakers are concentrated in a single Brooklyn apartment building.

Western Neo-Aramaic

takođe: Maaloula Aramaic, Siryon

The only surviving Western Aramaic vernacular, spoken in the Anti-Lebanon villages of Maaloula, Bakhʿa, and Jubbʿadin north of Damascus by both Christian and Muslim communities. Fewer than 10,000 fluent speakers remain after wartime displacement, most of them older adults.

Wymysorys

takođe: Vilamovian, Wymysiöeryś

A West Germanic language spoken only in the town of Wilamowice in southern Poland, descended from medieval German-Flemish settlement. Around 20 elderly native speakers remain, but a youth revitalisation movement has produced a new cohort of fluent younger speakers.

Cajun French

takođe: Louisiana French, Français cadien

Francuski kajunskih zajednica južne Luizijane, potekao od akadskih doseljenika iz 18. veka proteranih iz Pomorskih provincija. Ugrožen, sa aktivnom revitalizacijom kroz CODOFIL i program imerzije u luizijanski francuski.

Crimean Romani

takođe: Krymitika Roma, Crimean Roma

A Balkan Romani variety spoken by Roma communities of the Crimean peninsula and the northern Black Sea coast, marked by heavy contact influence from Crimean Tatar and other Turkic languages in both lexicon and phonology.

Hawrami

Stariji i osoben kurdski varijetet koji se govori u džepovima duž iransko-iračke granice; bogat klasičnom poetskom tradicijom.

Kalmyk

takođe: Kalmyk Oirat, Khalimag

Jedini mongolski jezik Evrope, koji se govori u Republici Kalmikiji od potomaka oiratskih migranata iz Džungarije iz 17. veka. Ugrožen, ali zvanično priznat.

Mariupolitan Greek

takođe: Rumeika, Azov Greek

Grčki oblasti Mariupolja u Ukrajini, potekao od zajednica preseljenih sa Krima od strane Katarine Velike 1778. Ugrožen; strukturalno blizak pontskom grčkom.

Mlabri

takođe: Mrabri, Yumbri

A Khmuic (Austroasiatic) language of formerly nomadic hunter-gatherers in the highlands of Nan and Phrae provinces, northern Thailand, and adjacent Laos. Roughly 100–300 speakers; its numeral system allows only one and two to modify nouns, and it lacks the register contrasts typical of related languages.

Occitan

takođe: Lenga dʼòc, Provençal

Romanski jezik južne Francuske, doline Aran u Kataloniji i nekoliko alpskih dolina Italije. Jezik srednjovekovnih trubadura; danas ugrožen u svakodnevnoj upotrebi.

Scottish Gaelic

takođe: Gàidhlig

Goidelski keltski jezik usko srodan irskom, koji se govori na Spoljnim Hebridima i delovima škotskog Hajlendsa. Oko 60.000 govornika, sa neprekidnom revitalizacijom kroz obrazovanje na galskom.

Wakhi

takođe: Wakhi Pamir

Pamirsko-iranski jezik koji se govori duž Vahanskog koridora gde se susreću Avganistan, Tadžikistan, Pakistan i Kina. Jedan od najarhaičnijih iranskih jezika; čuva crte staroiranskog izgubljene drugde.

Ruska Roma

takođe: Russian Romani, North Russian Romani, Xaladitka Roma

A Northern Romani variety spoken by the Ruska Roma across Russia and Ukraine, shaped by long and intensive contact with Russian. It was the basis of a short-lived literary standard developed in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s and remains one of the more vital Northern Romani dialects.