Ohrozené dialekty

Aka-Bo

tiež: Bo

A North Great Andamanese language originally of northern Great Andaman, whose surviving speakers were resettled on Strait Island. Died with Boa Sr in 2010; her speech and songs were recorded by Anvita Abbi in the Vanishing Voices of the Great Andamanese project.

Dalmatian

tiež: Dalmatic, Vegliote

An extinct Romance language of the eastern Adriatic coast, intermediate between Italo-Romance and Eastern Romance. Its last dialect, Vegliote of the island of Krk, died with Tuone Udaina in 1898, a year after Matteo Bartoli recorded around 2,800 words from him.

Eyak

The sole non-Athabaskan member of the Athabaskan-Eyak branch of Na-Dené, spoken around the Copper River delta near Cordova, Alaska. Died with Marie Smith Jones in 2008; thoroughly documented by Michael Krauss, whose materials now support a second-language revival.

Mandan

tiež: Nuʼeta

A highly divergent Siouan language of the upper Missouri River, latterly spoken on the Fort Berthold reservation in North Dakota. Died with Edwin Benson in 2016, after Indrek Park's multi-year documentation with him; heritage teaching continues within the MHA Nation.

Old Prussian

tiež: Prussian, Prūsiskan

The only substantially attested West Baltic language, spoken in historical Prussia around the Sambia peninsula — today's Kaliningrad Oblast and north-eastern Poland. Extinct since the early 18th century, after the 1709–1711 plague; attested in three 16th-century catechisms and the Elbing vocabulary, with a modern reconstruction movement.

Sirenik

tiež: Sireniki Yupik, Old Sirenik

A highly divergent Eskaleut language of the village of Sireniki on the southern Chukchi peninsula, mutually unintelligible with its nearest Yupik relatives and sometimes treated as a third Eskimo branch. Died with its last speaker in 1997; the community now speaks Central Siberian Yupik and Russian.

Tehuelche

tiež: Aonekko ʼaʼien, Aonikenk

The last spoken Chonan language, of the Patagonian steppe in Santa Cruz province, southern Argentina. Died with Dora Manchado in 2019, taking the Chonan family with it as a living lineage; recorded in her final years by Javier Domingo, building on Ana Fernández Garay's documentation.

Ubykh

tiež: Pekhi

A Northwest Caucasian language of the Black Sea coast around present-day Sochi, carried to Anatolia in the 1864 deportation. Famous for one of the largest consonant inventories ever recorded — around eighty consonants against two phonemic vowels. Died with its last speaker, Tevfik Esenç, in 1992; extensively documented by Georges Dumézil.

Welsh Romani

tiež: Kååle, Welsh Kale

The inflected Northern Romani variety historically spoken by the Kååle of Wales. It was extensively documented by John Sampson in the early twentieth century and is now extinct as a first language, the last fluent speakers having died in the mid-twentieth century. It is notable as the last conservatively inflected Romani dialect attested in Britain.

Yagán

tiež: Yámana, Yágankuta

A language isolate of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, around the Beagle Channel and Navarino Island. Source of the famously untranslatable word mamihlapinatapai; recorded in a 32,000-word missionary dictionary by Thomas Bridges. Died with Cristina Calderón in 2022; heritage revival continues at Puerto Williams.

ǀXam

tiež: Cape Bushman

A !Ui (Tuu) click language of the Upper Karoo in the Northern Cape, extinct since the 1910s. Survives in the vast Bleek and Lloyd archive of the 1870s and in South Africa's national motto, !ke e: ǀxarra ǁke — "diverse people unite".

Ainu

Jazykový izolát pôvodného národa Ainuov Hokkaida a historicky aj Sachalinu a Kuríl. Kriticky ohrozený, s len hŕstkou rodených hovoriacich; predmet aktívneho revitalizačného úsilia.

Cappadocian Greek

Gréčtina vnútornej Anatólie, izolovaná po stáročia, kým výmena obyvateľstva v roku 1923 nepriviedla jej hovoriacich do Grécka. Silne ovplyvnená turečtinou; kedysi sa pokladala za vyhynutú a v 2000-tych rokoch sa znovu objavila v strednom Grécku.

Chickasaw

tiež: Chikashshanompa

Muskogínsky jazyk Národa Chickasaw v Oklahome. Blízko príbuzný čoktavskému; kriticky ohrozený, s aktívnou revitalizáciou cez Jazykové oddelenie Národa Chickasaw.

Crimean Tatar

tiež: Qırımtatarca

Zmiešaný turkický jazyk Krymského polostrova, vyplývajúci z kontaktu kipčackých a oghuzských variet. Po sovietskej deportácii z roku 1944 kriticky ohrozený; predmet aktívneho revitalizačného úsilia.

Great Andamanese

tiež: Present-day Great Andamanese, Jeru

A koine of the four North Great Andamanese languages, with a grammar based mainly on Jeru, spoken on Strait Island in the Andaman archipelago. Around three elderly speakers remain of one of the world's primary language families, notable for a grammatical system in which nouns and verbs are obligatorily marked with body-part-based prefixes.

Itelmen

tiež: Western Kamchadal

The sole surviving language of the Kamchatkan branch of Chukotko-Kamchatkan, spoken in villages along the western coast of Kamchatka such as Kovran. Only a few elderly fluent speakers remain; known for extremely complex consonant clusters, and structurally so divergent from Chukchi-Koryak that its place in the family is debated.

Jeju

tiež: Jejueo

Varieta ostrova Čedžu, často klasifikovaná ako samostatný kórejský jazyk. Zachováva archaické črty stratené na pevnine a je kriticky ohrozená.

Kawésqar

tiež: Qawasqar, Alacalufe

The last surviving Alacalufan language, spoken at Puerto Edén on Wellington Island in the fjords of Chilean Patagonia. The language of the last nomadic canoe peoples of the southern channels; fewer than ten fluent speakers remain.

Ket

Posledný žijúci jenisejský jazyk, ktorým sa hovorí pozdĺž stredného Jeniseja v centrálnej Sibíri. Asi 200 starších hovoriacich; nedávno spojený so severoamerickou rodinou na-dené v kontroverznej Dene-jenisejskej hypotéze.

Koryo-mar

tiež: Koryo-mal, Koryo-saram Korean

Kórejská varieta Korjo-saramov, potomkov komunít deportovaných zo sovietskeho Ďalekého východu v roku 1937 do Strednej Ázie. Hamgyŏngom odvodené nárečie silne ovplyvnené ruštinou, dnes kriticky ohrozené.

Kusunda

tiež: Ban Raja

A language isolate of mid-western Nepal, historically spoken by forest-dwelling hunter-gatherers of the Dang valley and southern Rolpa. One fully fluent speaker remains; the language has no words for yes or no, expressing polarity through verb modification instead. Community revitalisation classes are ongoing.

Livonian

tiež: Līvõ kēļ, Liv

A Finnic Uralic language of the Livonian Coast of Courland, Latvia. The last fluent native speaker died in 2013, but an active revival sustains a small community of second-language speakers, supported by the University of Latvia Livonian Institute. Notable for its stød-like broken tone, rare among Uralic languages.

Lower Sorbian

tiež: Dolnoserbski, Niedersorbisch, Wendish

Západoslovanský jazyk, ktorým hovorí lužickosrbská menšina Dolnej Lužice v Brandenbursku, sústredená okolo Cottbusu (Chóśebuz). Kriticky ohrozený, s revitalizačnými snahami v dvojjazyčných školách a v programe Witaj.

Lushootseed

tiež: Puget Salish

Salishanský jazyk národov Coast Salish okolo Pugetského zálivu v západnom Washingtone. Kriticky ohrozený; predmet aktívnej revitalizácie cez kmene Tulalip a Muckleshoot.

Manchu

Tunguzský jazyk a historický dvorský jazyk dynastie Čching (1644 – 1912). Dnes kriticky ohrozený, s len hŕstkou rodených hovoriacich v Chej-lung-ťiangu.

Miyakoan

tiež: Miyako, Miyako Ryukyuan, Miyako language

A Southern Ryukyuan Japonic language of the Miyako Islands in Okinawa Prefecture. Not mutually intelligible with Standard Japanese; preserves distinctive Ryukyuan phonology and is severely threatened by shift to Japanese.

Munsee

tiež: Munsee Delaware, Lunaape

An Eastern Algonquian language of the Lenape (Delaware), originally spoken around the lower Hudson, including present-day New York City. The last native-speaker community is the Delaware Nation at Moraviantown in south-western Ontario, where a single elderly first-language speaker was reported in the 2020s alongside a growing circle of second-language learners.

Nivkh

tiež: Gilyak

Jazykový izolát Sachalinu a dolného povodia Amuru v Rusku. Kriticky ohrozený; jeden z mála paleo-sibírskych jazykov bez preukázaných príbuzných.

Nǀuu

tiež: Nǁng, ǂKhomani

The last surviving language of the !Ui branch of the Tuu family, spoken in the southern Kalahari around Upington in the Northern Cape. One fluent native speaker remains, who runs a community language school; the language has one of the largest consonant inventories ever recorded, including dozens of click consonants.

Tsakonian

tiež: Tsakonika

Jediný žijúci potomok antickej dórskej gréčtiny, ktorým sa hovorí v niekoľkých dedinách Peloponézu okolo Leonidio. Kriticky ohrozený; štruktúrne odlišný od všetkých ostatných gréckych variet, ktoré pochádzajú z atticko-iónskej gréčtiny.

Yaghnobi

tiež: Yagnobi

Východoiránsky jazyk doliny Jaghnob v Tadžikistane. Jediný žijúci potomok sogdčiny, lingua franca stredovekej Hodvábnej cesty; kriticky ohrozený.

Yuchi

tiež: Euchee, Tsoyaha

A language isolate of north-eastern Oklahoma, around Sapulpa within the Muscogee Nation, originally spoken in the south-eastern United States before removal. At most a handful of elderly native speakers remain; the Yuchi immersion school is again raising children with the language.

Zargari

tiež: Zargari Romani, Zargari Romanes, Zargar Romani

Veľmi ohrozená rómska varieta, ktorou sa hovorí v dedine Zargar a v jej okolí v provincii Kazvín v severozápadnom Iráne, západne od Teheránu. Komunita bola podľa tradície usadená v safavidovskej dobe a tvorí jednu z najvýchodnejších doložených rómsky hovoriacich populácií; nárečie zachováva rómske lexikálne jadro, ale vykazuje silný kontaktný vplyv perzštiny a azerbajdžanskej turkičtiny vo fonológii, slovnej zásobe a gramatike. Počty hovoriacich sú malé a medzigeneračný prenos výrazne oslabol.

Caló

tiež: Iberian Romani, Zincaló, Caló Romani

The Iberian para-Romani variety spoken by the Calé (Gitanos) of Spain and, in related forms, Portugal and southern France. A Romani-derived lexicon is embedded in a Castilian (or Catalan/Portuguese) grammatical frame; the older inflected Iberian Romani is no longer spoken. Caló vocabulary has left a marked imprint on Andalusian Spanish and flamenco.

Finnish Kalo

tiež: Kaale, Finnish Kaale, Fíntiko Rómma

A Northern Romani variety spoken by the Finnish Kale in Finland and, through twentieth-century migration, in Sweden. It shows heavy structural and phonological influence from Finnish, including consonant gradation, and is one of the most distinctive Northern Romani dialects. Intergenerational transmission has weakened markedly.

Jerusalem Domari

tiež: Domari of Jerusalem, Nawari

Najdôkladnejšie zdokumentovaná domarijská varieta, ktorou hovorí komunita Dom Starého mesta Jeruzalema. Vážne ohrozená, s len niekoľkými stovkami plynulých hovoriacich; referenčná varieta v Matras (2012), A Grammar of Domari.

Manx

tiež: Gaelg

Goidelský keltský jazyk Ostrova Man. Funkčne vyhynul v roku 1974 smrťou posledného rodeného hovoriaceho; oživený cez vzdelávanie a dnes hovorený ako druhý jazyk stovkami ľudí.

Romanichal

tiež: Angloromani, British Romani, Pogadi Chib

The Romani variety of the Romanichal Travellers of England and the wider British Isles. The older inflected dialect is no longer spoken; it survives as Angloromani, a para-Romani register in which a substantial Romani-derived lexicon is embedded in an English grammatical frame. Diaspora communities exist in North America and Australia.

Scandoromani

tiež: Tavringer Romani, Traveller Romani, Rommani

A para-Romani variety spoken by Traveller communities in Sweden and Norway, combining a Romani-derived lexicon with a Scandinavian grammatical frame. It descends from the speech of Romani groups present in the region since the sixteenth century and survives today largely as an in-group vocabulary register.

Seke

tiež: Tangbe

A Tamangic (Tibeto-Burman) language of five villages in Upper Mustang, Nepal, with roughly 700 speakers worldwide. A sizeable share of the community now lives in New York City, where about half of the diaspora speakers are concentrated in a single Brooklyn apartment building.

Western Neo-Aramaic

tiež: Maaloula Aramaic, Siryon

The only surviving Western Aramaic vernacular, spoken in the Anti-Lebanon villages of Maaloula, Bakhʿa, and Jubbʿadin north of Damascus by both Christian and Muslim communities. Fewer than 10,000 fluent speakers remain after wartime displacement, most of them older adults.

Wymysorys

tiež: Vilamovian, Wymysiöeryś

A West Germanic language spoken only in the town of Wilamowice in southern Poland, descended from medieval German-Flemish settlement. Around 20 elderly native speakers remain, but a youth revitalisation movement has produced a new cohort of fluent younger speakers.

Cajun French

tiež: Louisiana French, Français cadien

Francúzština cajunských komunít južnej Louisiany, vyplývajúca z akadijských osídlencov 18. storočia vyhnaných z Atlantických provincií. Ohrozená, s aktívnou revitalizáciou cez CODOFIL a louisianský francúzsky imerzný program.

Crimean Romani

tiež: Krymitika Roma, Crimean Roma

A Balkan Romani variety spoken by Roma communities of the Crimean peninsula and the northern Black Sea coast, marked by heavy contact influence from Crimean Tatar and other Turkic languages in both lexicon and phonology.

Hawrami

Staršia a osobitá kurdská varieta, ktorou sa hovorí vo vreckách pozdĺž iránsko-irackej hranice; bohatá na klasickú poetickú tradíciu.

Kalmyk

tiež: Kalmyk Oirat, Khalimag

Jediný mongolský jazyk Európy, ktorým sa hovorí v Kalmyckej republike potomkami oirátskych migrantov zo 17. storočia z Džungárie. Ohrozený, no oficiálne uznaný.

Mariupolitan Greek

tiež: Rumeika, Azov Greek

Gréčtina oblasti Mariupol na Ukrajine, vyplývajúca z komunít presídlených z Krymu Katarínou Veľkou v roku 1778. Ohrozená; štruktúrne blízka pontskej gréčtine.

Mlabri

tiež: Mrabri, Yumbri

A Khmuic (Austroasiatic) language of formerly nomadic hunter-gatherers in the highlands of Nan and Phrae provinces, northern Thailand, and adjacent Laos. Roughly 100–300 speakers; its numeral system allows only one and two to modify nouns, and it lacks the register contrasts typical of related languages.

Occitan

tiež: Lenga dʼòc, Provençal

Románsky jazyk južného Francúzska, údolia Aran v Katalánsku a niekoľkých alpských údolí Talianska. Jazyk stredovekých trubadúrov; dnes ohrozený v každodennom používaní.

Scottish Gaelic

tiež: Gàidhlig

Goidelský keltský jazyk blízko príbuzný írčine, ktorým sa hovorí na Vonkajších Hebridách a v častiach škótskej Vysočiny. Asi 60 000 hovoriacich, s pretrvávajúcou revitalizáciou cez gaelské vzdelávanie.

Wakhi

tiež: Wakhi Pamir

Pamírsky iránsky jazyk, ktorým sa hovorí pozdĺž Wachánskeho koridoru, kde sa stretávajú Afganistan, Tadžikistan, Pakistan a Čína. Jeden z najarchaickejších iránskych jazykov, zachováva črty staroiránčiny stratené inde.

Ruska Roma

tiež: Russian Romani, North Russian Romani, Xaladitka Roma

A Northern Romani variety spoken by the Ruska Roma across Russia and Ukraine, shaped by long and intensive contact with Russian. It was the basis of a short-lived literary standard developed in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s and remains one of the more vital Northern Romani dialects.