Romania

Kalderash

A Vlax Romani variety with a long history in Romania and the Balkans. Traditionally associated with coppersmith trades.

Ursari

also: Ursaritska, Rićhinari

A Balkan Romani variety spoken in Romania and Moldova, traditionally associated with the Ursari, the Roma groups historically known as bear-leaders. It is grouped with the Balkan dialects rather than the surrounding Vlax varieties and shows substantial Romanian contact influence.

Daco-Romanian

also: Standard Romanian

The Bucharest-based standard of Romanian, spoken across Romania and Moldova. The largest Eastern Romance language and the basis of the modern literary standard.

Bukovinian

also: Bukovyna Ukrainian, Pokuttia–Bukovinian

The Southwestern Ukrainian variety of the Bukovyna region around Chernivtsi. Shaped by long contact with Romanian, German, and Polish under Habsburg rule.